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The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. The 16PF provides a measure of normal personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals, as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders, as well as help with prognosis and therapy planning. The 16PF instrument provides clinicians with a normal-range measurement of anxiety, adjustment, emotional stability and behavioral problems.〔http://www.pearsonclinical.com/psychology/products/100000483/16pf-fifth-edition.html#tab-details〕〔Karson, W & J. W O'Dell.(1976). ''A Guide to the Clinical Use of the 16PF.'' University of Michigan Press.〕 It can also be used within other areas of psychology, such as career and occupational selection.〔Schuerger, J. M. (1995). Career assessment and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. ''Journal of Career Assessment, 3''(2), 157-175.〕 Beginning in the 1940s, Cattell used the new statistical technique of common factor analysis which takes as its starting point the matrix of inter-correlations between all the variables (see correlation coefficient) in an attempt to elucidate the underlying source traits of human personality.〔Cattell, R. B. (1978). ''Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences''. New York: Plenum.〕 The 16PF measures 16 primary trait constructs, as well as a version of the Big Five secondary traits,〔Boyle, G. J. (1989). Re-examination of the major personality type factors in the Cattell, Comrey, and Eysenck scales: Were the factor solutions by Noller et al. optimal? ''Personality and Individual Differences, 10'', 1289-1299.〕〔Cattell, R. B. (1995). The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere. ''The Psychologist, May'', 207-208.〕〔Boyle, G. J. (2008). Critique of Five-Factor Model (FFM). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske (Eds.), ''The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models''. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-2365-4〕 From early on in his research endeavors, Cattell found that personality structure was hierarchical, with both primary and secondary stratum level traits〔Cattell, R. B. (1957). ''Personality and Motivation Structure and Measurement.'' New York: World Book.〕 The sixteen primary factors were a result of factor-analyzing multiple clusters of trait synonyms derived from the English-language trait lexicon to elucidate the major underlying dimensions within the normal personality sphere. At the second-stratum, at least five "global" (second-order) factors emerged from factor-analyzing the 16 x 16 intercorrelation matrix for the sixteen primary factors themselves. Thus, the 16PF gives scores on both the five second-order "global" traits (which provide an overview of personality structure at a broader, conceptual level), as well as on the narrower, more-specific primary trait factors, thereby allowing a multilevel description of each individual's unique personality profile. A listing of these trait dimensions and their description can be found below. Cattell also found a third-stratum of personality organization that comprised just two overarching factors.〔Cattell, R. B. (1973). ''Personality and Mood by Questionnaire''. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.〕〔Cattell, H. E. P. & Mead, A. D. (2008). ''The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire'' (16PF). In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske (Eds), ''The Sage Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2, Personality Measurement and Testing.'', Los Angeles, CA: Sage.〕 The measurement of normal personality trait constructs is an integral part of Cattell's comprehensive theory of intrapersonal psychological variables covering individual differences in cognitive abilities, normal personality traits, abnormal (psychopathological) personality traits, dynamic motivational traits, mood states, and transitory emotional states〔Boyle, G. J. (2008). Simplifying the Cattellian psychometric model. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske. (Eds.), ''The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models''. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishers. ISBN 1-4129-2365-4〕 which are all taken into account in his behavioral specification/prediction equation.〔Cattell, R. B., Boyle, G. J., & Chant, D. (2002). The enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus. ''Psychological Review, 109'', 202-205.〕 The 16PF has also been translated into over 30 languages and dialects and is widely used internationally.〔Cattell, H. E. P. & Mead, A. D. (2008). ''The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)''. In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2 – Personality Measurement and Testing''. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-2364-6〕〔http://www.opp.com/tools/16pf〕 Cattell and his co-workers also constructed downward extensions of the 16PF - parallel personality questionnaires designed to measure corresponding trait constructs in younger age ranges, such as the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) - now the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire (APQ) for ages 12 to 18 years,〔Schuerger, J.M. (2001). ''16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire.'' Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ),〔Porter, R. B. & Cattell, R. B. (1985). ''Handbook for the Children's Personality Questionnaire'' (CPQ), Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 the Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ),〔Coan, R. W. & Cattell, R. B. (1959). The development of the Early School Personality Questionnaire, ''Journal of Experimental Education, 28''(3), 143-152.〕 as well as the Preschool Personality Questionnaire (PSPQ).〔Lichtenstein, D., Dreger, R. M., & Cattell, R. B. (1986). Factor structure and standardization of the Preschool Personality Questionnaire. ''Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1''(2), 165-182.〕 Cattell also constructed (T-data) tests of cognitive abilities such as the Comprehensive Ability Battery (CAB) - a multidimensional measure of 20 primary cognitive abilities,〔Hakstian, A. R. & Cattell, R. B. (1982). ''Manual for the Comprehensive Ability Battery''. Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 as well as measures of non-verbal visuo-spatial abilities, such as the three scales of the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT),〔Cattell, R. B. & Cattell, A. K. S. (1973). ''Measuring intelligence with the Culture Fair Tests''. Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 In addition, Cattell and his colleagues constructed objective (T-data) measures of dynamic motivational traits including the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT),〔Cattell, R. B., Horn, J. L., Sweney, A. B., & Radcliffe, J. (1964). ''Handbook for the Motivation Analysis Test'' (MAT),Champaign IL: IPAT.〕 the School Motivation Analysis Test (SMAT),〔Krug, S. E., Cattell, R. B., & Sweney, A. B. (1976). ''Handbook for the School Motivation Analysis Test'' (SMAT). Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 as well as the Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT).〔Cattell, R. B. et al. (1982). The Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT). Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕〔Boyle, G. J., Richards, L. M., & Baglioni Jr., A. J. (1993). Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT): An experimental manipulation of curiosity and boredom. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 15''(6), 637-643.〕 As for the mood state domain, Cattell and his colleagues constructed the Eight State Questionnaire (8SQ), a self-report (Q-data) measure of eight clinically important emotional/mood states, labeled Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Regression, Fatigue, Guilt, Extraversion, and Arousal.〔Curran, J. P. & Cattell, R. B. (1976). ''Manual for the Eight State Questionnaire'' (8SQ). Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 ==Outline of Questionnaire== The most recent edition of the ''Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire'' (16PF), released in 1993, is the fifth edition (16PF5e) of the original instrument.〔Cattell, R. B., Cattell, A. K., & Cattell, H. E. P. (1993). ''16PF Fifth Edition Questionnaire.'' Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕〔Russell, M. T., & Karol, D. (2002). ''The 16PF Fifth Edition Administrator's Manual.'' Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 The self-report instrument was first published in 1949; the second and third editions were published in 1956 and 1962, respectively; and the five alternative forms of the fourth edition were released between 1967 and 1969.〔Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). ''Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire'' (16PF). Champaign, IL: IPAT.〕 The goal of the fifth edition revision in 1993 was to * update, improve, and simplify the language used in the test items; * simplify the answer format; * develop new validity scales; * improve the psychometric properties of the test, including new reliability and validity data; and * develop a new standardization sample (of 10,000 people) to reflect the current U.S. Census population. The ''16PF Fifth Edition'' contains 185 multiple-choice items which are written at a fifth-grade reading level. Of these items, 76% were from the four previous 16PF editions, although many of them were re-written to simplify or update the language. The item content typically sounds non-threatening and asks simple questions about daily behavior, interests, and opinions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「16PF Questionnaire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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